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万家坝型铜鼓 Wanjiaba bronze drum
万家坝型铜鼓，以云南省楚雄万家坝春秋战国时期墓葬出土的一批铜鼓为代表，是原始形态的铜鼓。鼓面特别小，鼓胸特别外凸，鼓腰极度收束，鼓足很矮，但足径大，足沿内有一周折边，胸度之际有四只小扁耳：花纹特点是简单、古朴，有一种稚拙味，给予人以稳重感。鼓面的太阳纹有的仅有光体而无光芒，有的有光芒，而芒数无定。鼓胸和鼓足都素面无纹，腰部也只是由几条纵线划分成几个空格。这类铜鼓主要流行于春秋战国时期。广西田东县林逢镇和同村大岭坡、田东县祥周镇联福村南哈坡都出土过这类铜鼓。 Wanjiaba type bronze drums, represented by a group of bronze drums unearthed from the tombs of the spring and autumn and Warring States periods in Wanjiaba, Chuxiong, Yunnan Province, are in primitive form. The face of the drum is very small, the chest is very convex, the waist is extremely tight, the feet are very short, but the foot diameter is large, the inside of the foot edge is folded, and there are four small flat ears at the chest：The pattern is characterized by simplicity, simplicity and childishnessClumsy taste, give people a sense of stability. Some of the sun patterns on drum surface only have light body but no light, some have light, but the number of awns is uncertain. Drum chest and drum feet are plain without lines, waist is only divided into several spaces by several vertical lines. This kind of bronze drum was mainly popular in the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. This kind of bronze drum has been unearthed in Linfeng town and dalingpo of tongcun village, Tiandong County, Guangxi Province, and nanhapu of Lianfu village, Xiangzhou Town, Tiandong county.
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石寨山型铜鼓Shizhaishan bronze drum以云南省晋宁石寨山汉代墓葬出土的一批铜鼓为代表，是成熟期铜鼓。这类铜鼓面部宽大，胸部突出，腰部呈梯形，足部短而直，布局对称，纹饰丰富华丽。鼓面中心是太阳纹，光体与光芒浑然一体，三角光芒之间填以斜线，太阳纹之外是一道道宽窄不等的晕圈，窄晕中饰锯齿纹、圆圈纹、点纹等构成的花纹带。宽晕是主晕，饰以旋转飞翔的鹭鸟。胸部也饰与面部相同的几何纹带，其主晕则是人物划船的写实画像。腰部除晕圈组成的纹带之外，还有由竖直纹带分隔成的方格，方格中饰以牛纹或用羽毛装饰的人跳舞的图像。此类铜鼓造型较雄伟，而纹饰刻划细腻。贵港罗泊湾西汉墓、西林普驮西汉铜鼓墓出土的铜鼓都属此类，田东祥周、百色龙川、隆林共和也出土过此类铜鼓。此类铜鼓流行年代是从战国时期至东汉初期，前后延续了大约500多年。 Represented by a group of bronze drums unearthed from the Han Dynasty Tombs in Shizhaishan, Jinning, Yunnan Province,It's a mature bronze drum. This kind of bronze drum has broad face, prominent chest, trapezoidal waist, short and straight feet, symmetrical layout, rich and gorgeous decoration. The center of the drum surface is the sun pattern, which is full of light and light-One, triangle light filled with diagonal lines, outside the sun pattern is a roadThe narrow halo is decorated with zigzag pattern, circle pattern and dot pattern. The broad halo is the main halo, decorated with swirling herons. The chest is decorated with the same geometric stripes as the face, and the main halo is a realistic portrait of the characters rowing. In addition to the halo band, there are also squares separated by vertical bands in the waist, which are decorated with cattle patterns or images of people dancing with feathers. This kind of bronze drum is magnificent in shape and exquisite in ornamentation. The bronze drums unearthed from the Western Han Dynasty Tombs in luopowan, Guigang, and Putuo, Xilin, belong to this category. The bronze drums unearthed from Tian Dongxiang Zhou, Baise Longchuan, and Longlin Gonghe also belong to this category. This kind of bronze drum was popular from the Warring States period to the early Eastern Han Dynastyfive hundredmany years.
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冷水冲型铜鼓Cold water punching copper drum 以藤县濠江乡横村冷水冲出土的铜鼓为代表，是发展期铜鼓。这类铜鼓体型高大轻薄，鼓面宽大，但不出沿或稍稍出沿。鼓胸略大于面径或与面径相等，稍微膨胀，不很凸出，鼓腰上部略直，最小径在中部，鼓足较高，与胸部高度略等，鼓耳宽扁，饰辫纹，有的在四耳之外，还有半圆茎拱形小耳-对。纹饰总的特点是瑰丽而繁缛。鼓面中心太阳纹基本固定为12芒，芒间夹实心双翎眼坠形纹，鼓面边沿有立体青蛙，有的在青蛙之间再饰马、骑土、牛耧、水禽、龟、鱼等动物塑像，鼓面、鼓身遍布各种图案花纹。鼓面主晕为高度图案化的变形翔鹭纹，有晕勾连雷纹及由此衍变而来的复线交义纹。鼓胸多有图案化的变形船纹，鼓腰有变形舞人图案和细方格纹，鼓足多有圆心垂叶纹，这些都是匠人精雕细刻的结果，有着一种纤巧的美。冷水冲型铜鼓以桂平、平南、藤县一带最集中，分布于邕江——郁江——浔江——西江两岸，遍布大半个广西。流行年代为东汉晚期至隋唐，以两晋南朝时期最为繁盛。Represented by the copper drum washed out of the soil by cold water in Heng village, Haojiang Township, Tengxian County, it is a copper drum in the development period. This kind of bronze drum is tall, light and thin, with a wide surface, but it doesn't go out or slightly goes out. The chest of drum is slightly larger than or equal to the face diameter, slightly expanded and not very protruding. The upper part of the waist of drum is slightly straight, and the smallest diameter is in the middle. The feet of drum are higher, and slightly equal to the chest height. The ears of drum are wide and flat, decorated with braids. Some of them are beyond the four ears, and there are small ears with semicircular stems and arches-yes. The general feature of decoration is magnificent and complicated. The sun pattern in the center of the drum surface is basically fixedtwelveThere are three-dimensional frogs on the edge of the drum surface. Some of them are decorated with animal statues such as horse, riding earth, ox columbine, waterfowl, turtle, fish and so on. The drum surface and drum body are covered with various patterns. The main halo on the drum surface is a highly patterned deformed Xianglu pattern-The halo linked thunder pattern and the double line cross meaning pattern derived from it. The chest of drum has the pattern of deformed boat, the waist of drum has the pattern of deformed dancer and fine checkerboard, and the foot of drum has the pattern of round center hanging leaf. All these are the result of craftsman's meticulous carving, which has a delicate beauty. Cold water Chong type bronze drum to Guiping, Pingnan, Tengxian one-The belt is the most concentrated, distributed on both sides of Yongjiang Yujiang Xunjiang Xijiang, covering most of Guangxi. It was popular from the late Eastern Han Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, especially in the Jin and Southern Dynasties.
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遵义型铜鼓Zunyi bronze drum 以贵州省遵义市南宋播州上司杨粲夫妇墓出土的铜鼓为代表。这类铜鼓的特点，鼓面无蛙，面沿略伸于鼓颈之外，面径、胸径、足径相差甚微;胸、腰、足各部的高度相当接近，胸腰间缓慢收缩，无明显分界线，胸腰际附大跨度扁耳两对，鼓面边缘无青蛙塑像，但有蛙趾装饰。纹饰简单，几何纹用同心圆纹、连续角形图案，羽状纹、雷纹构成，主纹则是一种由一个圆圈缀两条飘动的带子组成的游旗纹。此类铜鼓数量较少，主要发现于贵州、云南，广西也有出土。 The bronze drum unearthed from the tomb of Yang can and his wife in Bozhou of Southern Song Dynasty in Zunyi City, Guizhou Province is the representative. The feature of this kind of bronze drum is that there is no frog on the surface of the drum, the surface edge extends slightly beyond the neck of the drum, and there is little difference in the surface diameter, breast diameter and foot diameter;The height of the chest, waist and foot is quite close. The chest and waist contract slowly without obvious dividing line. There are two pairs of long-span flat ears between the chest and waist. There is no frog statue on the edge of the drum surface, but there is frog toe decoration. The geometric pattern is composed of concentric circle pattern, continuous angle pattern, feather pattern and thunder pattern, and the main pattern is oneIt's made up of oneThere are two circles decorated with two floating bands. This kind of bronze drum is few in number, and is mainly found in GuizhouThey are also found in Yunnan and Guangxi.
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麻江型铜鼓Majiang bronze drum以贵州省麻江县谷峒火车站座古墓中出上的铜鼓为代表。这类铜鼓的特点是，体形小而扁矮，鼓面略小于鼓胸，面沿微出于颈外，鼓身胸、腰、足间的曲线柔和，无分界标志，腰中部起凸棱一道，将鼓身分为上下两节，胸部有大跨度的扁耳两对。现在民间使用的铜鼓绝大多数都是麻江型铜鼓。It is represented by the bronze drum unearthed from an ancient tomb at Gudong railway station in Majiang County, Guizhou Province. The characteristics of this kind of bronze drum are as follows,The shape of the drum is small and flat. The surface of the drum is slightly smaller than that of the chest. The surface of the drum is slightly out of the neck. The curve between the chest, waist and feet of the drum body is soft and there is no boundary mark. There is a convex ridge in the middle of the waist, which divides the drum into two sections. The chest has two pairs of long-span flat ears. Now most of the bronze drums used by the people are Majiang type.
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北流型铜鼓Beiliu bronze drum以北流出土的铜鼓为代表。这类钢鼓，形体硕大厚重，鼓面宽大，边缘伸出鼓颈之外，有的边缘下折成“垂精”，胸壁斜直外凸，最大径偏下，腰呈反弧形收束，胸腰间斜度平缓，只有一道凹槽分界，腰足间以一道凸棱分界，鼓足外侈，与面径大小相当，鼓耳结实，多为圆茎环耳，鼓面青蛙塑像小而朴实，太阳纹圆凸如饼，以八芒居多，装饰纹样多为云雷纹。在西方学者的分类系统中，把这类铜鼓列Ⅱ型。以高大著称，原存北流县六靖乡水埇庵的大铜鼓面径165厘米，残重299干克，是迄今所知最大的一面铜鼓，被誉为“铜鼓之王”。上海博物馆所藏6597号铜鼓面径145厘米，高78.8厘米，排列第2；广州南海神庙铜鼓，面径138厘米，高77.4厘米。列为第3；桂平麻垌小学铜鼓，面径137.8厘米，高72.5厘米，列为第4；玉林、北流，平南都出土过面径超过122.2厘米的北流型大铜鼓。鼓面大于鼓身。鼓面边缘都伸出鼓胸之外，其中很大一部分北流型铜鼓的边缘下折，形成“裙边”(垂檐)。腰胸之际都有两对提耳，除了少数也是扁耳外，绝大多数为圆茎环耳。耳身是实心圆柱形，呈环状或半环状固定在胸腰之间，耳身表面饰一道道细密的缠丝纹，脊背上凸起有节，粗看像蛇，有人称之为蛇纹环耳。耳根饰有三爪，增加了与鼓身的接触面。环耳比起扁耳来，更为强固有力，有的铜鼓除了两对环耳之外，还在相对应的位置上另铸两只小环耳。鼓面中心受击处的太阳纹，光体都呈圆饼状突起。光芒辐射四出，细长如针，常常穿透一二道晕圈，有的芒端还开叉。光芒的道数，绝大部分为8芒极少数为12芒、10芒、6芒的。鼓面和鼓身的纹饰分晕，都以三道弦纹为一组来分隔，一般来说，鼓面晕圈宽而疏朗，晕圈宽窄相等，少数略有宽窄之分；鼓身晕圈则窄而密集，也是宽窄相等。无论鼓面和鼓身，晕圈内的纹样主要是以单线或复线圆圈、方格、菱格、三角、半圆以及圆点、圆涡、斜方格、方勾等等为基础的多种形式的云雷纹。流行于汉至唐代，主要分布于广西的东南部和广东的西南部以及海南，范围十分集中，以今日广西玉林地区为其分布中心，次为广西钦州地区和广东湛江地区，特别是以广西北流和广东信宜为中心的云开大山区的几个县最为密集，云开大山区是北流型铜鼓的大本营。Represented by the bronze drum unearthed in Beiliu. SuchcopperThe drum is large and heavy in shape, with a broad surface. Its edge extends beyond the neck of the drum. Some of the edges are folded downward to form "vertical essence". The chest wall is oblique and straight and convex, and the maximum diameter is lower. The waist is in an inverted arc. The slope between the chest and waist is gentle. There is only a groove between the chest and waist, and a convex edge between the waist and foot,The drum ears are solid, mostly with round stems and ring ears. The statues of frogs on the drum face are small and simple. The sun patterns are round and convex like cakes. Most of them are eight awns. The decorative patterns are mostly cloud and thunder patterns. In the classification system of western scholars, this kind of bronze drum is listedⅡType. It is famous for its height, and it was originally preserved in Shuiyong nunnery, Liujing Township, Beiliu countyone hundred and sixty-fiveCm, residual weighttwo hundred and ninety-nineGanke is the biggest bronze drum known so far,Known as the "king of bronze drum". Collected in Shanghai Museumsix thousand five hundred and ninety-sevenSurface diameter of No.1 bronze drumone hundred and forty-fiveCm, highseventy-eight point eightCm, second in linetwo； The bronze drum of Nanhai temple in Guangzhou, Mianjingone hundred and thirty-eightCm, highseventy-seven point fourCm. Ranked Nothree； Bronze drum of Ma Dong primary school in Guiping,Surface diameterone hundred and thirty-seven point eightCm, highseventy-two point fiveCm, listed as the secondfour； Yulin, Beiliu,Unearthed in pingnanduone hundred and twenty-two point twoThe Beiliu type bronze drum is about 1.5 cm long. The surface of the drum is larger than the body. The edges of the drum face extend beyond the chest of the drum, and the edges of a large part of the Beiliu bronze drums bend downward,Forming "skirt"(Overhanging eaves)。 There are two pairs of lifting ears at the waist and chest. Except for a few flat ears, most of them are round stem ring ears. The body of the ear is a solid cylinder, which is fixed between the chest and waist in a ring or semi ring shape. The surface of the body of the ear is decorated with fine winding silk patterns. There are knots protruding on the back. It looks like a snake in general. Some people call it snake ring ear. The ear root is decorated with three claws, which increases the contact surface with the drum body. Compared with flat ears, ring ears are more powerful. In addition to two pairs of ring ears, some bronze drums also cast two small ring ears at corresponding positions. The sun pattern in the center of the drum surface is a round cake like protrusion. The light radiates out in all directions. It is as long and thin as a needle. It often penetrates one or two halos, and some awn ends are forked. Most of the number of light paths areeightA small number of MiscanthustwelveAwntenAwnsixIt's awn. Generally speaking, the patterns on the drum surface and body are separated by three string patterns，The halo circle on the drum surface is wide and sparse, the width of the halo circle is equal, and a few are slightly wide and narrow; The halo of drum body is narrow and dense, which is equal in width. Regardless of the drum surface and body, the patterns in halo circle are mainly based on single or double line circle, square, rhombic, triangle, semicircle, dot, circular vortex, oblique square, square hook and so on. From Han Dynasty to Tang Dynasty, it was mainly distributed in the southeast of Guangxi, the southwest of Guangdong and Hainan, with Yulin area of Guangxi as its distribution center, Qinzhou area of Guangxi and Zhanjiang area of Guangdong, especially in Yunkai mountainous area with Beiliu of Guangxi and Xinyi of Guangdong as its center, Yunkai mountain area is the base of Beiliu bronze drum.
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灵山型铜鼓Lingshan bronze drum以灵山县出土的铜鼓为代表。形制接近北流型，外观上，体型凝重，形象精巧。鼓面平展，稍广于或等于鼓身，边缘伸出，但不下折，胸壁微凸，最大径居中；胸以下逐渐收缩成腰；胸腰间仅以细线为界；附于胸腰之际的鼓耳均为带状叶脉纹扁耳；鼓面所饰青蛙塑像都是后面两足并拢为一的“三足蛙”，蛙背上饰划线纹或圆涡纹，装饰华丽，有的青蛙背上又有小青蛙，即成“累蹲蛙”；青蛙的数目一般为6只，有的6只全是累蹲蛙，但大多数3只单蛙与3只累蹲蛙相间排列，而且绝大多数为逆时针方向环列；鼓面中心太阳纹光体圆凸如饼，光芒细长如针，芒数不一，但以10芒和12芒为多，也有7芒、8芒、9芒、11 芒的，有的芒端开叉；装饰花纹多以二弦分晕，鼓面和身各有三道较宽的主晕，以骑兽纹、兽形纹、鹭鸟纹(或鹭鸶含鱼纹、鸟形纹)为主体纹样，其他晕圈云纹、雷纹、半圆纹、半圆填线纹、席纹、四瓣花纹、“四出”钱纹、连钱纹、虫形纹、水波纹、蝉纹等；蝉纹一般作边饰。其中一些鼓的鼓耳下方接近鼓足处，装饰动物塑像，常见的是一对(或一只)小鸟，也有饰牛、羊等动物塑像者，这些动物都是头朝下。流行的年代是汉至唐代，主要分布中心是灵山县及与之毗邻的横县和浦北县，即六万大山西侧至郁江横县段的两岸。在此范围之外，只有零星散布。散布范围，最东到高州，南到合浦，西到上思在妙、龙州武德，在越南谅山也有出土;北到桂平大洋。这个分布带，正是北流型铜鼓分布区的西侧和冷水冲型铜鼓分布区的西南方，是晋、南朝至唐代乌浒一俚人活动的地盘。Represented by the bronze drum unearthed in Lingshan County. Its shape is similar to that of Beiliu type, and its appearance is dignified and exquisite. The chest wall is slightly convex and the maximum diameter is in the middle; The lower part of the chest gradually shrinks into the waist; There is only a thin line between the chest and waist; The tympanic ears attached to the thoracolumbar region are flat ears with banded veins; The statues of frogs on the drum face are all "three legged frogs" with two feet close together at the back. The back of frogs is decorated with lines or circular vortex patterns, which are gorgeous. Some frogs have small frogs on the back, which is called "tired squatting frog"; The number of frogs is generally 1sixOnly, somesixAll of them are tired squatting frogs, but most of them are tired squatting frogsthreeSingle frog andthreeMost of the frogs are arranged in anticlockwise circle; In the center of the drum surface, the light body is round and convex as a cake, and the light is slender as a needletenManghetwelveThere are many awns, but there are also manysevenAwneightAwnnineAwnelevenAwn, some awn ends forked; The decorative patterns are mainly composed of two strings, with three broad main halos on the drum surface and body, such as riding animal pattern, animal pattern and egret pattern(Or egret with fish pattern, bird pattern)Other patterns include halo cloud pattern, thunder pattern, semicircle pattern, semicircle filling pattern, mat pattern, four petal pattern and "four out" pattern Money pattern, even money pattern, insect pattern, water wave pattern, cicada pattern, etc; Cicada pattern is usually used as side decoration. Some of the drums are decorated with animal statues under the ears close to the feet of the drum. A pair of them is common(Or one)Birds, there are also decorated with cattle, sheep and other animal statues, these animals are head down. It was popular from the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, and its main distribution centers were Lingshan County and its adjacent Hengxian and Pubei counties, namely, the two sides of the section from the west side of 60000 Dashan to Hengxian of Yujiang river. Outside this range, only sporadic. It is widely distributed in Gaozhou in the East, Hepu in the south, Shangsi in the west, Wude in miaozhou and Longzhou, and Liangshan in Vietnam;North to Guiping ocean. This distribution zone is just to the west of Beiliu type bronze drum distribution area and to the southwest of lengshuichong type bronze drum distribution area. It is the site where Wuhu Yili people lived from Jin, Southern Dynasties to Tang Dynasty.
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西盟型铜鼓Ximeng bronze drum以云南省西盟佤族地区仍在使用的铜鼓为代表。这类铜鼓器身轻薄，形体高瘦，鼓面宽大，边沿向外伸出，鼓身为上大下小的直简形，胸、腰、足没有分界线，鼓面太阳纹一般为8芒或12芒，三弦分晕，晕圈多而密，纹饰多小鸟、鱼、圆形多瓣的团花、米粒纹。鼓面有立体青蛙，常见二蛙或三蛙甚至四蛙叠踞。有的鼓身纵列立体的象、螺蛳、玉树等塑像。黑格尔称为Ⅲ型鼓。他说：“人们可以把它叫作克伦鼓，因为所有的Ⅲ型鼓都是来自后印度的红、白克伦族，但也许更确切地说，它应该叫掸型。大量消息说明这些鼓是当时印度支那的掸邦制造的。”但他不知道中国境内也有这种鼓。广西只有龙州、靖西靠近中越边境地区出土过这类铜鼓的早期类型。The bronze drum, which is still in use in Wa area of Ximeng, Yunnan Province, is the representative. This kind of bronze drum is light and thin in body, tall and thin in shape, wide in surface, with the edge extending outward. The drum body is straight and simple in shape with big top and small bottom. There is no dividing line between chest, waist and foot. The sun pattern on the drum surface is generally blackeightAwn or awntwelveAwn, three string halo, halo circle more and dense, decorative more birds, fish, round multi petal flowers, rice grain pattern. There are three-dimensional frogs on the drum surface, and two or three frogs or even four frogs are common. Some drum body vertical three-dimensional like, snail, Yushu and other statues. Hegel called it type III drum. He said: "People can call it the Karen drum, because all the type III drums come from the red and white Karen people in post India, but perhaps more precisely, it should be called the Shan drum. A large amount of information indicates that these drums were made by Shan State in Indochina. But he did not know that there were such drums in China. Only Longzhou and Jingxi, near the border of China and Vietnam, have unearthed the early types of this kind of bronze drum in Guangxi.
